![]() High heterogeneity in variance among sites for all of the traits studied may reflect evolutionary time-lags and genetic drift due to colonisation of new habitats. Changes in wing spot pattern were also detected. Contrary to thermal melanism expectations, wing colour was lighter where larvae developed at cooler temperatures and unrelated to long-term temperature. Forewings became more rounded and hindwings more elongated with history of colonisation, possibly reflecting selection for increased dispersal ability. ![]() Overall, wing size increased with latitude by ∼2% per 100 km, consistent with Bergmann’s rule. A geometric morphometric method was used to investigate variation in size and shape of forewings and hindwings colour, pattern, and contrast of the wings were examined using a measure of lightness (inverse degree of melanism). We measured 774 males from 54 sites spanning 799 km with a 10-year mean average temperature gradient of 4 ☌. Here we investigate patterns in three components of wing morphology (size, shape, colour) often linked to dispersal ability and thermoregulation, along latitudinal gradients of range expansion in the Speckled Wood butterfly ( Pararge aegeria) in Britain (two regions of expansion in England and Scotland). Characterisation of traits associated with such expansions provides insight into the selection pressures and evolutionary constraints that shape demographic and evolutionary responses. Populations undergoing rapid climate-driven range expansion experience distinct selection regimes dominated both by increased dispersal at the leading edges and steep environmental gradients. Wing morphological responses to latitude and colonisation in a range expanding butterfly. Cite this article Taylor-Cox ED, Macgregor CJ, Corthine A, Hill JK, Hodgson JA, Saccheri IJ. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. An incomplete uninstallation of a program may cause problems, which is why thorough removal of programs is recommended.3 Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom DOI 10.7717/peerj.10352 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Christian Hof Subject Areas Ecology, Entomology, Evolutionary Studies, Climate Change Biology, Population Biology Keywords Range expansion, Geometric morphometrics, Dispersal, Laitude, Temperature-size rule, Bergmann’s rule, Thermal melanism, Lepidoptera, Pararge aegeria, Wings Copyright © 2020 Taylor-Cox et al. There could be other causes why users may not be able to uninstall XnConvert.
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